Alright, are you ready for a rather in-depth grammar session? Learning verbs in Dutch is not as simple as presenting you with a never-ending list of Dutch verbs.
That wouldn't help you at all. What's important is the understanding of Dutch verb conjugation.
Like English, French, and many other languages, Dutch conjugates its verbs. Furthermore, they have formal and informal designations for subjects such as 'you,' much like the French do.
There are also rules in Dutch for subject-verb agreement when the subject is in singular form or plural form, which we'll review with you.
In this article, you'll learn about Dutch conjugation, irregular and regular verbs using the most commonly used verbs.
We'll show you how to use Dutch irregular verbs across verb tenses such as present tense, past tense, and perfect tense.
To truly learn the Dutch language requires dedication and patience. However, if you've studied English grammar before, this should be a breeze as the rules are similar.
Well, quite simply, verbs are used in every sentence, so you must know how to conjugate them correctly depending on the verb tense.
In proper Dutch sentence structure, pronouns replace nouns in a sentence. These affect how a verb is conjugated in Dutch.
Also, there are formal and informal ways to address someone by the pronoun, 'you.'
English | Dutch | Singular or Plural |
I | ik | singular |
you | jij | informal singular |
you | u | formal singular |
he | hij | singular |
she | zij | singular |
it | het | singular |
you | jullie | plural |
we | wij | plural |
they | zij | plural |
In total, Dutch has eight verb tenses, and they are:
Not only are there eight verb tenses, but there are also five different types of verbs to go along with that.
The five types of Dutch verbs are:
To use a weak verb of the t-class in singular form is usually quite simple. You have to return the verb to its root form. The Dutch refer to this as the stem word.
When looking at a list of verbs in Dutch, you'll notice that the verbs in the infinitive form all end with -en.
Let's take a look:
You need to remove the -en to return the word to its stem form. Therefore you would get:
When applied to the singular and plural subjects, the verbs would either remain in stem form, stay in the infinitive form, or have -t added at the end.
Here's what we mean by using the verb 'to work' (werken):
English | Dutch | Form |
I | ik werk | (stem form) |
You (singular informal) | jij werkt | (stem + t) |
You (singular formal) | u werkt | (stem + t) |
He | hij werkt | (stem + t) |
She | zij werkt | (stem + t) |
It | het werkt | (stem + t) |
You (plural) | ju lliewerken | (infinitive form) |
We | wij werken | (infinitive form) |
They | zij werken | (infinitive form) |
The rules for d-class Dutch verbs are the same as the t-class verbs, except you add a -d at the end of the word stem.
Here's an example using the verb 'to feel' (voelen):
English | Dutch | Form |
I | ik voel | (stem form) |
You (informal singular) | jij voeld | (stem + d) |
You (formal singular) | u voeld | (stem + d) |
He | hij voeld | (stem + d) |
She | zij voeld | (stem + d) |
It | het voeld | (stem + d) |
You (plural) | jullie voelen | (infinitive form) |
We | wij voelen | (infinitive form) |
They | zij voelen | (infinitive form) |
Memorize this, and you'll have no problem knowing when to add -d or -t to a verb. First, remove the -en to find the word's stem, then look at the last letter in the stem.
If it's the letter f, ch, s, t, k, or p, then it's a -t verb. If the stem ends in any other letter, it's a -d verb.
Sometimes it's not as easy as removing the -en ending and adding -t or -d.
Here are the exceptions:
1. Long vowel infinitives require long vowel stems
Infinitive | English | Crude Stem | Stem |
weten | to know | wet | weet |
leren | to learn | ler | leer |
koken | to cook | kok | kook |
2. A stem never ends in two identical consonants
Infinitive | English | Crude Stem | Stem |
stoppen | to stop | stopp | stop |
pakken | to get | pakk | pak |
wennen | to get used | wenn | wen |
3. A stem never ends in v or z
4. The stem of an '-iën verb' ends in ie
This is known as the weak past tense. The rules are similar to simple past tense in that you must first reduce the infinitive verb to its stem form.
Let's look at an example using the verb 'to put' (zetten):
English | Dutch | Form |
I | Ik zette | (stem + te) |
You (informal singular) | Jij zette | (stem + te) |
You (formal singular) | u zette | (stem + te) |
He | hij zette | (stem + te) |
She | zij zette | (stem + te) |
We | wij zetten | (stem + ten) |
You (plural) | Jullie zetten | (stem + ten) |
They | zij zetten | (stem + ten) |
Notice that in the simple past tense in Dutch, all singular verbs have a -te ending, and all plural verbs have -ten endings.
The same rules apply to weak verbs. Take a look as we use the verb 'to feel' (voelen):
English | Dutch | Form |
I | Ik voelde | (stem + de) |
You (informal singular) | jij voelde | (stem + de) |
You (formal singular) | u voelde | (stem + de) |
He | hij voelde | (stem + de) |
She | zij voelde | (stem + de) |
We | wij voelden | (stem + den) |
You (plural) | Jullie voelden | (stem + den) |
They | zij voelden | (stem + den) |
Learning these will take a lot of practice and memorization. You can use Ling App to help you continuously study these verb conjugations, so you don't forget these rules!
Strong Verb Examples
Rule | Dutch Present Tense | English Present Tense | Dutch Past Tense | English Past Tense |
e in the infinitive gets ie in the past form | Werpen | to throw | Ik wierp | I threw |
ij in the infinitive gets ee in the past form | Blijven | to stay | Ik bleef | I stayed |
e in the infinitive gets o in the past form | Vechten | to fight | Ik vocht | I fought |
e in the infinitive gets a in the past form | Nemen | to take | Ik nam | I took |
i in the infinitive gets a in the past form | Bidden | to pray | Ik bad | I prayed |
a in the infinitive gets ie in the past form | Slapen | to sleep. Ik sliep | I slept | |
ui in the infinitive gets oo in the past form | Sluiten | to close | Ik sloot | I closed |
a in the infinitive gets oe in the past form | Dragen | to carry | Ik droeg | I carried |
a in the infinitive gets i in the past form | Vangen | to catch | Ik ving | I caught |
o in the infinitive gets ie in the past form | Lopen | to walk | Ik liep | I walked |
iez in the infinitive gets oor in the past form | Vriezen | to freeze | Ik vroor | I froze |
i in the infinitive gets o in the past form | Drinken | to drink | Ik dronk | I drank |
ends in -cht in the past form | Denken | to think | Ik dacht | I thought |
There are as many auxiliary verbs in Dutch as in English, and the rules are relatively the same for the present tense.
Let's take a look at some of the most common 'helping verbs' as they are sometimes called.
English | Dutch |
I am | ik ben |
you are | jij bent |
you are | u bent |
he is | hij is |
she is | zij is |
it is | het is |
you are | jullie zijn |
we are | wij zijn |
they are | zij zijn |
English | Dutch |
I have | ik heb |
you have | jij hebt |
you have | u hebt |
he has | hij heeft |
she has | zij heeft |
it has | het heeft |
you have | jullie hebben |
we have | wij hebben |
they have | zij hebben |
English | Dutch |
I take | ik neem |
you take | jij neemt |
you take | u neemt |
he takes | hij neemt |
she takes | zij neemt |
it takes | het neemt |
you take | jullie nemen |
we take | wij nemen |
they take | zij nemen |
English | Dutch |
I can | ik kan |
you can | jij kunt |
you can | u kan |
he can | hij kan |
she can | zij kan |
it can | het kan |
you can | jullie kunnen |
we can | wij kunnen |
they can | zij kunnen |
English | Dutch |
I make | ik maak |
you make | jij maakt |
you make | u maakt |
he makes | hij maakt |
she makes | zij maakt |
it makes | het maakt |
you make | jullie maken |
we make | wij maken |
they make | zij maken |
English | Dutch |
I do | ik doe |
you do | jij doet |
you do | u doet |
he does | hij doet |
she does | zij doet |
it does | het doet |
you do | jullie doen |
we do | wij doen |
they do | zij doen |
There are six irregular verbs in the past tense that are entirely irregular verbs. They all happen to be auxiliary verbs, the most common Dutch verbs.
Let's take a look at them in the past tense.
Subject
You can see a much clearer pattern with Dutch past tense auxiliary verbs; all singular verbs have the same ending, and all plural verbs have the same ending. This helps to make learning Dutch easier!
All right, let's dive into how to create the past participle in Dutch as it's a requirement for speaking or writing in present perfect and past perfect tense.
There are different rules to writing the past participle according to weak or strong verbs, but thankfully, we've learned much of what we need to know.
Examples:
Exceptions to this rule (Yes, there are always exceptions!)
There are hundreds of strong verbs in Dutch, so we aren't going to list them all here, but we'll go over a few rules and examples.
The rules are:
*The exception is when the word starts with a prefix (ge-, be-, er-, her-, ver-, ont-), then you don't have to add the ge-.
Here are some examples:
To successfully express the present perfect, you must know the present tense form of the verbs to be and to have.
You must also know the past tense and past participle for Dutch verbs.
Here is the sentence structure for present perfect tense in Dutch:
Subject + present tense of to be/to have + past participle
Here are a couple examples:
To express the past perfect tense in Dutch, you'll need to know the present tense form of the verbs to be, to have, and to become.
You must also know the past participle. Here is the sentence structure for past perfect tense in Dutch:
Subject + past tense of to be/to have/to become + past participle
Here are a couple examples:
To talk about something in the future, English speakers usually use the verb 'will'; however, in Dutch, they use the verb 'shall.'
The sentence structure for future simple tense in Dutch is:
Subject + verb to shall + infinitive
The verb to shall (will)
English | Dutch |
I shall | Ik zal |
You shall (informal singular) | jij zult |
You shall (formal singular) | u zult |
He shall | hij zal |
She shall | zij zal |
We shall | wij zullen |
You shall (plural) | Jullie zullen |
They shall | zij zullen |
These are two examples:
The sentence structure for creating a statement about the future perfect is:
Shall + verb to be/to have + past participle
Here are some examples:
Conditionals involve the probability of an event happening using 'if.' These are examples used to respond to the first part of a conditional sentence or a conditional question.
First, you need to know what the verb 'would' is in Dutch:
English | Dutch |
I would | Ik zou |
You would(informal singular) | jij zou |
You would (formal singular) | u zou |
He would | hij zou |
She would | zij zou |
We would | wij zouden |
You would (plural) | Jullie zouden |
They would | zij zouden |
Some examples:
To talk about the hypothetical situation in the past, we must use the conditional perfect tense, which looks like this in Dutch:
Past tense of shall + verb to be/to have + past participle
Here are some examples:
This article certainly had a lot to learn about important and common Dutch verbs and all their different verb tenses. The Dutch language seems rather complicated when it's pulled apart like this, but it's not that much different from English or German, for that matter.
Still, we know it's a lot to take in, and learning a new language is better done in pieces with lots and lots of practice.
That's why we recommend Ling App to help you become a master of Dutch verbs! Our mascot Ling will be with you daily to remind you to practice your Dutch and encourage you along the way.
Ling is free to try and offers over 60 other languages to learn! Download from App Store and Play Store today.